CAVITIES & TOOTH DECAY
What Causes Tooth Decay & Cavities? - Its Symptoms and Treatments
06-04-2025
Tooth decay is the softening of your tooth enamel caused by acids. These acids are created when plaque bacteria break down sugar in your mouth.
Key Takeaways
- Tooth decay is the softening of enamel caused by acids from plaque bacteria breaking down sugar in the mouth, forming cavities over time as the enamel weakens.
- Cavities develop when foods containing carbohydrates get trapped between teeth and are not removed by brushing and flossing, allowing plaque bacteria to generate acids that erode enamel, creating holes that can grow larger and potentially destroy the tooth if untreated.
- Major causes of tooth decay include sugary, sticky foods and beverages, frequent snacking, and receding gums. Foods that cling to teeth, such as milk, honey, raisins, hard candy, dry cereal, and bread, are particularly harmful.
- Effective treatments for cavities include fillings, which involve removing decayed material and restoring the tooth with resins or amalgam. For severe decay, crowns are used to cover the top of the tooth after removing the decayed areas. Regularly checking fillings for wear and tear is important to maintain dental health.
- Preventive measures against tooth decay include using fluoride toothpaste, daily flossing, regular dental checkups, maintaining a healthy diet, changing toothbrushes every three months, applying sealants to teeth with deep grooves, and using fluoride supplements. Regular dental visits, ideally twice a year, are essential for monitoring and maintaining oral health.
What is a Cavity?
It’s actually pretty simple. Decay (or softening of enamel) happens over time and the result is a cavity - a defect left in the tooth. Teeth are covered with a hard, protective top layer called enamel. But once the enamel is weakened by acids produced by bacteria, a pit or cavity is formed in or on the tooth surface.
What Causes Cavities and Tooth Decay?
Tooth decay occurs when foods containing carbohydrates become trapped between teeth and are not completely removed with brushing and flossing. The plaque bacteria generate acidic by-products that eat away at the tooth enamel, slowly creating holes in the teeth called cavities. Without treatment , these holes can grow larger over time and may even destroy the whole tooth.
Major causes of tooth decay are sugary, sticky foods and beverages. The more sugar consumed, the more acid, which gets produced leading to decay. Sugar combines with a plaque to weaken the enamel leaving you vulnerable to tooth decay. Each time you eat a sugary snack, your teeth are vulnerable to damage from the acids for the next 20 minutes. It is important to understand the causes of tooth decay so you can learn the proper way to care for your teeth and care for your health.
Common Causes of Tooth Decay and Cavities
Specific foods and drinks. Foods that cling to your teeth are the most likely to promote tooth decay. All sugars and most cooked starchy foods are major plaque promoters, including milk, honey, raisins, hard candy, dry cereal and bread.
Frequent snacking. Some diets suggest eating several small meals each day to help lose weight or maintain weight loss. But remember that if you snack frequently, no matter what type of food, the acid in the food has more time to damage your teeth. Here’s another tip: Brushing your teeth after eating not only removes plaque, it can also help you stick to your diet by making your mouth feel cleaner so you’ll be less likely to snack.
Receding gums. If your gums are receding, plaque can form near the roots of the teeth, which are not protected by tooth enamel and are more vulnerable to decay.
Signs and Symptoms of Tooth Decay and Cavities
The most common and effective treatment on tooth decay and cavities is a filling, which stops the cavity from growing any larger. So, if you are experiencing any signs of tooth decay or a cavity, it is extremely important to see a dental professional immediately for treatment.
The use of products containing fluoride can help to prevent tooth decay and cavities. Fluoride flows into weak spots to help rebuild these areas before they can become cavities.
Cavity and Tooth Decay Treatment
The most immediate form of treatment is to see your dental professional to have the cavity filled.
When Fillings are Needed
If you develop tooth decay that has progressed beyond the process of eroding your tooth enamel and has created holes in your teeth, your dentist will likely recommend a filling. When you get a filling, your dentist will remove the decayed material from the tooth and replace it with something else to restore the shape of the tooth. Fillings can be made of tooth-colored resins or a combination of materials (amalgam) that may include mercury. Although some people worry that the mercury might make them sick, medical studies have shown that amalgam fillings are safe for most people. If you are concerned, ask your dentist about different choices for fillings.
When Crowns are Needed
If your tooth decay is severe, your dentist will likely use a crown rather than a filling to repair the damage. A crown is larger than a filling and covers the top of the tooth once the decayed area is removed. Crowns are usually made from porcelain, gold or a combination of porcelain and metal.
No matter what type of filling or crown you have, be sure to follow a complete oral care routine of twice-daily tooth brushing and daily flossing to remove plaque and prevent future tooth decay. There are lots of products designed to help you clean around dental work such as fillings and crowns. Your fillings and crowns should not need to be replaced unless they show signs of wear or become loose or defective in some way.
How to Prevent Cavities and Tooth Decay
The most immediate form of treatment is to see your dental professional to have the cavity filled.
To help prevent tooth decay and cavities certain measures can be taken to help strengthen your teeth:
Eat Healthy: Follow a healthy diet and avoid sugary foods and drinks that feed the bacteria in your mouth.
Fluoride Toothpaste: Brush regularly with a fluoridated toothpaste. One of the best ways to prevent mineral loss from the tooth or demineralization and help the replacement process or remineralization is by using toothpaste that contains fluoride. Fluoride helps prevent cavities by slowing the breakdown of enamel and speeding up the remineralization process. The new enamel that will form is harder and more resistant to acid. Many scientific studies over a long period of time have proven this to be one of the most effective ways to prevent tooth decay.
Daily Flossing: Floss daily to help remove plaque and food particles from the spaces between your teeth where a toothbrush can’t reach. This helps promote healthy teeth as well as healthy gums.
Regular Checkups: Schedule regular visits with your dentist, approximately every six months, for a routine cleaning and exam.
Change Your Toothbrush: Remember to change your toothbrush when it looks worn, or every three months, because the newer the bristles, the more plaque the brush is able to remove.
Sealants: The deep grooves and pits in some teeth, such as molars, can also be trouble spots for decay. One way to prevent this type of decay is to have your dental team paint a shaded plastic material called a pit and fissure sealant on these areas. Once the sealant hardens, it acts as a barrier protecting the tooth surface from plaque and acids.
Fluoride Supplements: Fluorides also play a significant role in preventing decay. By adding fluoride to your water or including a fluoride rinse in your daily oral routine, you can help better protect your teeth from cavities and bacteria. Fluoride supplements are also available and can help keep your mouth clean and healthy.
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